Ihwo hupenyu hwakafanana nematsi uye hunooma kunzwa (HOH) yakashandura zvakanyanya mumakore makumi matatu apfuura. Kuchinja kwehutano uye hutsva hutsva hwakagadzirisa mhinduro dzevakawanda, uye zvakadaro zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvakaramba zvakafanana.
Mhuri yekuchengetedza-zvizvarwa zvitatu zvevarume matsi-vakatarisa kuchinja uku uye nzira dzekufamba nadzo dzinofamba. Apo dutu guru rakaparadza munda weBen Soukup Sr. muna 1960, akaenda kumahombekombe kudunhu rose kuti awane chikwereti kuvakazve.
Mumwe nomumwe wavo akaramba urongwa hwake nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe chete: Akanga ari matsi.
Mwanakomana wake haana kumbokanganwa zvakaitika pakuona baba vake vakarasikirwa nepurazi rake uye vakapedzisira vatsaurira hupenyu hwake kubatsira vane matsi vachitaurirana nenyika yakavapoteredza, nhaka inotungamirirwa nemwanakomana wake chaiye, Chris, inenge hafu yezana remakore gare gare. Ben Soukup Jr. akatanga nhepfenyuro yeHove Service Service yeVasinga (CSD), imwe yenzira dzisingabatsiri muUnited States dzakatsaurirwa kupa simba kune matsi neHOH vanhu, uye Chris akaenderera mberi nebasa seCOO sangano.
Makore akawanda mushure meBen Soukup Sr. vakarasikirwa nepurazi rake, matsi uye dzakaoma zvekunze munharaunda yaizoenderera mberi kuti iwane humwe hufambira mberi zvikuru muUnited States uye pasi rose. Zvisinei, nhamba yakawanda yematambudziko inopfuurira.
Kufambira mberi
Vakuru veAmerica vane Dambudziko reDare (ADA) vakabatsira nzira yekukurukurirana nyore nyore pakati pekunzwa uye matsi kana HOH vanhu.
Yakapera muna 1990, mutemo waiva chinhu chikuru chekutendeuka kwevanhu vematsi muUnited States uye vakatsvaga kuenzanisa nharaunda yekutamba kune avo vakaremara nekudisa masangano ehurumende uye ega ega sezvikoro uye nhare dzeterevhizheni kuti dzipe nzvimbo dzevane matsi kana vane kunzwa kurasikirwa.
Izvo zvaive zvakakosha zvikuru. Vashandi vakanga vasisabvumirwi kusarura avo vakanga vari matsi kana HOH. Maitirwo ekudzorera akabvumira vamwe kuti vafone foni kwenguva yekutanga, vasisada kuvimba neshamwari dzavanonzwa uye vavakidzani kuti vashevedze kambani yavo yekambani kana kuti vaite chiremba. Mashoko akanyorwa akadzika pasi peanchodzi panguva dzeusiku, uye zvikoro uye zvipatara zvakatanga kupa zvinyorwa zvekushandura kune avo vanoshandisa Mutauro Wemasaini weAmerica. Kukurukurirana kunopesana pakati pekunzwa uye kusina kunzwa kwenyika kwakatanga kuderera.
Kuburikidza kwekambani uye maikironi emagetsi zvakaramba zvichichinja nzira iyo matsi uye HOH vanhu vanotaurirana. Semu email, nhume dzeIndaneti, kutumira mameseji, uye foni dzakashambadzira dzinowedzera mukurumbira uye kufambidzana, kutaura uye kunzwa hazvisati zvichitarisirwa kuita mabasa ezuva nezuva sekuraira kutora kana kukakavara mushumo. Vhidhiyo conferencing services, kufanana ne Skype kana Zoom, vakaita kuti zvive nyore kwazvo kuti vashandisi vemutauro wemasaini vataurirane kana kune vaturikiri kure kuti vabatsire nekutaurirana neshamwari dzinonzwa nevanoshanda navo. Uye nhepfenyuro yehupfumi yakabvumira matsi uye HOH vanhu kuti vawane nekubatana nemumwe nyore nyore-kubatsira avo vanogara kumaruwa, kunyanya, kutsvaga vagari vomunharaunda uye kuvaka sangano rekutsigira.
Dudziro dzese dzinenge dzichinyanya kudiwa mumamiriro akawanda, asi avo vari mumatsi uye HOH munharaunda vanogona kuyanana nevanhu vakawanda pachavo kupfuura kare. Asi kunyange zvazvo kutamba kunogona kunge kuri kuenzana, zvinetso zvinoramba zviripo.
Zvinetso zveMari
Nekufamba kwemitemo yakafanana neAADA, avo vari mumatsi matsi havasati vanyatsoshandiswa kune basa rekufekitari kana vashandi vakashanda, asi kushaikwa kwebasa uye kusasarudzwa kwebasa kunoramba kuchivhiringidza ivo. Vanenge 10 kubva muzana vevanhu vakuru vekuAmerica vane matsi uye vane hupfumi kana HOH vakanga vachitsvaka basa asi vachiri kusashanda muna 2015, uye vaine zvizhinji zvekutsvaga zvikamu zvenguva kana kuti zvenguva-uye vanenge 37 muzana chete vakashanda nguva yakazara muna 2015, vachienzaniswa ne 55 muzana yevanonzwa navo.
Izvozvi zvikanganiso zvinopfuurira mune dzidzo pamwe chete. Pasinei nemirairo yakagadzirwa neAADA, zvikoro uye zvikoro zvese zvinowanzogadzirwa nenzira inobatsira matsi uye vadzidzi veHOH vachibudirira, uye vashoma chete matsi uye HOH masangano aripo. Inofungidzirwa 31 muzana yemakore ekushanda, vanhu vakuru vanonzwa vane chikoro chebhakoro kana kupfuura, asi 18 muzana chete kune avo matsi kana HOH vanoita.
Izvo zvinokonzerwa nemabasa aya uye zvinetso zvekudzidzisa zvinogumbura. Vaya vari mumatsi uye hutano hweHOH vatova pangozi yakanyanya yekuora mwoyo uye kuzvidya mwoyo, asi uchapupu hunobva kunepfungwa dzepfungwa uye vezvemagariro evanhu hunoratidza kuti basa risina kukwana rinogonawo kubatanidza nehuwandu hwehutano hwepfungwa, uyewo zvirwere zvisingaperi uye kushandisa zvinodhaka. Zvose izvi zvinowanzomanikidzira kuedza kuwana kana kubata basa rakakwana, zvichiita kuti pave nemhirizhonga-kunyanya apo mhuri dzisingakwanisi kuwana kana kuwana hutano hwakanaka.
Health Insurance
Nemhaka yekuti chunk yakakura yevanhu veAmerica vanochengetwa nehurumende inowana rubatsiro rwavo kuburikidza nevashandi vavo, kusashanda kana kuti nguva imwe chete yavanoshandisa matsi uye vanhu vakuru veHOH vanowanzotarirwa pamarongwa ehurumende ehurumende seMedicaid, ayo anowirirana nehurumende. Mumwe muvatatu veStember vane matsi kana veHOH vane makore 21 kusvika ku 64 vakanga vasina hutano hwehutano muna 2015, asi iyo inowanikwa pasi rose. Iko yehuwandu hwevatambi vehupfumi uye HOH vanhu vakuru vaive kubva pasi pe1 muzana muHawaii kune 23% inofamba muAlaska.
Izvi hazvirevi kuti matsi ose asina basa uye HOH vanhu vacharwisana nehutano hwehutano huzhinji, asi matambudziko ehupfumi nemanzwiro anowanzobatanidzwa nokusakwanisa kuwana basa rakakwana haafaniri kubviswa. Mhuri dzine matsi kana HOH vanoshanda-muzera wevanhu vakuru vanoita, paavhareji, inenge madhora 9 000 pasi pegore, uye inofungidzirwa kuti 20 muzana yevakuru vekuAmerica vane matsi uye vane hupfumi kana HOH vanogara varombo, vachienzanisa ne 13% chete yevanonzwa navo.
Urombo
Urombo huri nehupenyu hwavo hwehutano hwehutano. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vokuAmerica vasina ruzivo vane dzidzo shoma vanoramba vasina utano hwakanaka kudarika vakadzi vavo vakadzidza, vezera rakapfuma, kunyanya kune vashomanana. Maonero ehutano hwevanhu nehutano hunobatanidzwa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvehutano-kubva pakaderera kuberekwa kusvika kune chirwere cheshuga.
Nemhaka yekubatana kwezvinhu zvakawanda zvezviitiko izvi, kukunda hazvizove zviri nyore kugadzirisa mitemo. Kunyange zvazvo matsi dzakawanda uye HOH vanhu vanogamuchira rubatsiro rwemari kubva kune dzimwe nzira dzakadai seSocial Security Disability uye Supplemental Security Reproductions, zvimwe zvinogona kuitwa kukurudzira kufanana kwakakwana kwebasa uye dzidzo.
"Ikoko patinenge tichipikisirwa ndeyekuwanda mukufungidzira kwevanhu matsi uye vanogona kuita," akadaro Anopinda mubvunzurudzo ne-inotarisirwa kwete basa rakakwana, asiwo mukuwana mikana yakaenzana yekuenderera mberi kumabasa uye mapurogiramu ezedzidzo. Kune chikamu cheCSD, chiri kutanga sangano rekushandisa mari kune vadzidzisi vezvipfumi, vachibatsira makambani kuzivisa nekubhadhara vashandi neveHOH, nekubatsira makambani akafanana neUber kuti aumbe zvidzidzo mumutauro wemasaini weAmerica. Asi kuti akunde matambudziko makuru ezvehupfumi, United States inofanirawo kutarisana nematambudziko emagariro anosangana nevaya matsi uye HOH.
Social Challenges
Kunzwa zvipingamupinyi kunobata makore ose, madzinza, uye madzinza, kubva munzvimbo dzakawanda dzehupfumi hwevanhu uye nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Vamwe vanhu vakaberekwa matsi, vamwe vakarasika kunzwa nekuda kwechiremba, chirwere, nguva, kana kushungurudzika. Vamwe vanonzwa zvishoma nekutsigirwa kwekunyora kwechinyorwa kana rubatsiro rwekunzwa. Vamwe havagoni kunzwa chero zvachose. Kutaura zvazviri, mano uye zvido zveavo vane urema hwekunzwa ndezvakasiyana zvakasiyana nesangano pachako.
Mutauro Wemasaini wokuAmerica (ASL)
Hatisingazivi kuti vangani vanhu vari muUnited States vanoshandisa ASL, asi kuenzana kunotangira kubva pa100 000 kusvika kune mamiriyoni. Vashanduri-havakwanisi kudanwa kuti "vashanduri" -vashandi veSA ASL vanotaurirana nevanhu vanonzwa, uye ADA inoda masangano ehurumende uye zvikoro kupa vashanduri ve ASL kune avo vanovada. Wakave wakavaona pahurukuro dzemashoko panguva dzenjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, somuenzaniso, kana kunyange pamakambani.
ASL haisi kungoita shanduro-based shanduro yeChirungu. Ndiyo mutauro wakasiyana nemarongerwo emitauro yakaoma, matananguro, uye mitemo yekuisa mirairo. Kungofanana neChirungu, kutaura uye mharidzo zvinogona kusiyana zvichienderana naani ari kuita kududzira. Asi kazhinji vashandisi veS ASL havafaniri kusarudza muturikiri wakapiwa kana kuti vane sarudzo yekukumbira vashanduri vanosarudza kune vamwe-uye izvo zvingakanganisa matsi kana HOH kukwanisa komunhu kutaura kana kunzwisisa ruzivo rwakakosha.
Kunyangwe kana muturikiri wemasaini anopiwa, dzimwe nguva hazvina kukwana. Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu-akadai sehofisi yechiremba, somuenzaniso-muturikiri wekutenderera anozivikanwa angave achidiwa kuti ashande pamwe chete nemuturikiri we ASL kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti nuances inonyatsokurukurwa. Saizvozvowo, kunyange zvazvo matsi akawanda ariwo akanyora muChirungu chakanyorwa, kunyora zvinhu pasi zvingasava nzira yakanakisisa yekukurukura navo-kunyanya kana mutauro wemasaini ndiyo mutauro wavo wekutanga-uye nhengo dzemhuri dzinotaura ASL dzinofanirwa kushandiswa sechinotsiva kune vashanduri vakavimbiswa.
Social Isolation
Vana vane gumi vane gumi vane matsi vanoberekwa nevabereki vanonzwa, asi vasati vechechi vane nhengo dzemhuri dzinopinda nguva dzose. Vamwe vanovimba nematsi avo kana HOH vanofarira kuverenga miromo, asi izvi zvinoshamisa zvakaoma uye zvinowanzoitika mukusanzwisisa kwakakwana kwezvakataurwa. Inodawo kuti matsi kana HOH munhu "ateerere" nenzira inogona kunge isina nyore kwavari sekuona mumwe chiratidzo. Iwe unogona kufungidzira kushungurudzika mupfungwa uye mupfungwa zvekusava kukwanisa kutaura kune avo vari pedyo newe, regai vamwe vekuchikoro kana basa. Kune vakawanda matsi vanogara kumaruwa, vangave ndivo voga matsi munharaunda yavo kana kuchikoro, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma zvikuru kuvaka hukama.
"Ndinoyeuka ndine ndoga, kunyange apo kune vanhu vazhinji, nekuda kwekugadzirisa kukurukurirana," akadaro Soukup. "Ndaiziva kuti vanhu vakawanda vakanga vasina kuvhiringidza uye kuti zvipingamupinyi zvekukurukurirana zviripo bedzi nekuda kwekusagona kusvika kune matsi nevanhu vasinganzwisisi . "
Kuwedzera kune kusarurana nevamwe, kumwe kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti vana vane matsi, kunyanya, vanowanzoshungurudzwa kudzvinyirirwa, kusaremekedzwa, uye kurwiswa kwepabonde kune vavana vavo vanonzwa - izvo zvingaguma zvingaguma zvakagadzikana mune zvehutano nehutano.
Public Health Challenges
Muzvokwadi, tsvakurudzo shoma shoma huripo pane zvido zvehutano zvevanhu vane matsi uye HOH. Kuongororwa kwehutano, somuenzaniso, inowanzotungamirirwa pamusoro pefoni kusvika pakusatendera matsi, uye zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvehutano hwehupfumi hwevanhu hazvina nzira dzekutsvaga dheta zvakananga kune avo vane kurasikirwa kana kunzwa matsi.
Matsi dzakawanda uye HOH vanhu havazivi zvinhu zvingave zviri ruzivo rwekunzwa munhu mumwechete, zvakadai semhuri yavo yezvokurapa dzemhuri kana kunyangwe izwi rezvokurapa, nokuti havana ruzivo rwekukwanisa kunzwa hama dzichikurukura nyaya dzehutano kana zvimwe nhaurirano hurukuro. Kushamwaridzana nevashandi vezvokurapa kunogona kunge kusingagutsikanisi vose vari vaviri, sezvo vashandisi veSVL vanosangana nezvipingamupinyi kune vashanduri vanokwanisa, uye masangano ezvehutano anosangana nezvinetso kudziwana kubhadharwa mukupa zvinhu zvakadaro. Izvi zvinogona kuodza mwoyo kune vose vanobatanidzwa.
Mazano ekuvandudza
Muna 2011, vatsvakurudzi vakabudisa mazano pamusoro penzira dzekuvhara chikamu pane zvimwe zvekusarura kwehutano zvakasangana nematsi uye HOH vanhu. Vanoti tinofanira kufanirwa:
- Kuvandudza ruzivo rwehutano hwehutano hwemhuri matsi. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuwedzera zvinyorwa kumashoko ose ehutano hwehutano nehutano, semavhidhiyo ehuwandu, nekugadzirisa kuti zvirongwa zvekugadzirira zvakagadziriswa zvinowanikwa nechinangwa chevatsi neHOH vanhu.
- Itaiwo mamwe matsi uye HOH vanhu mukutsvakurudza. Kubhadharwa kwehutano hwehutano hwehutano hwevanhu hunofananidzwa kune matsi neHOH vanhu, kusanganisira kupa nekuunganidza mashoko achishandisa ASL.
- Unganidza uye uongorore dhepfenyuro itsva uye iripo nematsi uye HOH vanhu mupfungwa. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kuwedzera kuwedzera kwehupfumi hwehupfumi hwehuwandu hwevanhu maererano nekuongorora, zvakadai sekuti makore ekurasikirwa kwekunzwa kwakaitika sei.
- Kurudzira vashandisi veAsland kuti vatore nhaurirano mune zvehutano. Kurudziro inobatanidzwa pakati pevanhu inofanirwa kuongorora inofanirwa kubatanidza matsi kana vanhu veHOH kuti vape ruzivo rwezvinhu zvose zvehutano-kwete chete avo vanobatana nekunzwa-uye kududzira mabasa kunofanira kupiwa pamisangano yehutano yehutano uye zviitiko.
- Kurudzira matsi uye HOH vanhu kuti vashande mune hutano hwehutano uye hutano hwakabatana. Nokutanga mabasa muhutano, matsi uye HOH vanogona kubatsira kubatsira kugadzirisa kudzidzira ruzivo uye ruzivo rwehutano kuti ruve nyore kuwana kune matsi avo neHOH avo.
- Mutsigira kune mamwe mari ekubatsirana. Dudziro dzakakosha dzakakosha kune matsi uye HOH vanhu vanobvumirana nehutano hwehutano, asi vanogona kudhura. Kukurukura nevatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika pamusoro pekudiwa uye kukosha kwekubhadhara mari idzi zvinogona kubatsira kubvumira kuwedzerwa kusvika kune mazano ekurapa uye zvirongwa zvine chokuita nehutano.
Shoko Rinobva
Zvakawanda zvakashandurwa mumakumi emakore kubva kuna Ben Soukup Sr. yakarambidzwa chikwereti, asi zvinotora kushanda nesimba munzvimbo, nzvimbo, uye nyika yepamusoro kuti ienderere mberi. Izvo zvinotaurwa, kunzwa vanhu vanogona kutsigira izvi kuburikidza nekuita zvakawanda nekutsvaga nekuvaka ukama nematsi uye HOH vanhu munharaunda dzavo, uye mukuita kudaro, kubatsira kuvhara rusununguko rwemagariro pakati pekunzwa uye matsi kana HOH yenyika.
> Sources:
> Barnett S, McKee M, Smith SR, Pearson TA. Mutauro Wemasaini Asina Maturo Vashandi, Utano Hwehutano, uye Utano Huzhinji: Mikana Yehutano Hwevanhu. Kuchengetedza Zvirwere Zvisingaperi . 2011; 8 (2): A45.
> Cornell University. Disability Statistics. 2015.
> HealthyPeople.gov. Data2020.
> National Network. Chii chinonzi Americans with Disability Act (ADA)?