Mercury Poisoning iyo Yakarodza IJapan Yose Town
Yakatanga nemakati eguta. Pakazosvika pakati pe1950, vanhu veMinamata, Japan vakatanga kuona kuti makati avo akanga achipenga uye achiwira mugungwa. Vamwe vanhu vaifunga kuti makate aizviuraya.
Nguva pfupi mushure mekunge, chirwere chisingazivikanwi chakaonekwa sechichipoteredza guta. Vanhu veMinamata vanorondedzera kushaya simba mumakumbo avo nemiromo. Vamwe vakanga vaomerwa kunzwa kana kuona.
Vamwe vakatanga kugwedezeka ( kudengenyeka ) mumaoko avo nemakumbo, zvakaoma kufamba, uye kunyange kukanganisa kwehupi. Uye, semakati, vamwe vanhu vakaita sevari kupenga, vachidanidzira vasingaregi. Chimwe chinhu chakanga chichiita hurongwa hwavo hwemhutu .
Pakupedzisira, muna July 1959, vatsvakurudzi vanobva kuYunivhesiti yeKimamoto vakawana chikonzero chechirwere-yakakwirira ye mercury chepfu - iyo iyo yakabva yatumidza chirwere cheMinamata. Asi sei vanhu vose ava (uye makati) vakave nechepfu?
Dambudziko reMinamata
Minamata iduku duku rekubata hove pamhenderekedzo yeShiranui Sea. Nokuda kwaro, vanhu vemunharaunda vanodya hove dzakawanda. Zvokudya zvehove zvevanhu uye makate aMinamata zvakaita sedzimwe tsvimbo pakati pezvinoratidza zviratidzo, zvichiita kuti vasayendisiti vafungire kuti hove dziri muMinamata Bay dzaiva nechepfu.
Chimera chikuru che petrochemical muMinamata, chinotungamirirwa naChisiso Corporation, chakakanganiswa pakarepo.
Chisso akaramba zvikwereti uye akaenderera mberi nekugadzirwa kwake asingashandisi nzira yaro yekugadzira. Chisso akapfuurira kuramba kubatanidzwa kwake kana kuti madhimoni ayo aibvisa zvirwere. (Yakabva yawana kuti Chisso Corporation yakanga yakasvibisa matani anoyera makumi maviri nemakumi matatu emakisi e mercury muMinamata Bay.)
Sezvo mercury dumping yakaramba ichitsemuka, vakadzi vane chepfu vakabereka vana vane chepfu. Ava vana vakaberekwa vane urema hwakakomba kusanganisira maoko akapfava, kuchema kwepfungwa, matsi, uye bofu.
Vabati vehove veMinamata vakatanga kupikisa Chisso Corporation muna 1959. Vakakumbira Chisso kurega kurasa tsvina ine chepfu uye kuvabhadhara nokuda kwezvirwere zvavo. Chisso, iyewo, akaedza kuita zvigaro nevanhu vakavhiringidzwa nehupfu hwemhepo yepamusoro vachishandisa mabhuku epamutemo vakataura kuti yaizobhadhara vanhu nokuda kwezvirwere zvavo asi havangagamuchiri mhaka yezvino kana yeramangwana. Vanhu vazhinji vakafunga kuti iyi ndiyo nzira yavo bedzi pakugamuchira mari ipi zvayo, uye vakasayina mapepa.
Kubva Kubva ku Minimata Poisoning
Chisso pakupedzisira akarega kutyisa mvura yaMinimata muna 1968. Maererano nehurumende yeJapan, vanhu 2 955 vakapinda chirwere cheMinamata uye vanhu 1 784 vakafa. Vanotsvakurudza vanotenda, zvisinei, izvo zvinoshandiswa nehurumende kuti zviongorore zvirwere zveMinamata zvakanyanyisa, uye kuti chero munhu anoratidza chero hutachiona hwehutachiona hunofanirwa kuonekwa seanotambudzwa. Kusvika iye zvino, Chisso ane mari inobhadharisa vanhu vanopfuura 10 000 uye anoramba achibatanidzwa mune zvipfeko pamusoro penyaya yacho.
Muna Gumiguru 1982, vanotsvaga makumi mana vakaisa musungo kuhurumende yeJapan, vachiti yakakundikana kumisa Chisso pakusvibisa ivhu uye yakange ichitarisa imwe nzira apo Chisso inotyora mitemo yekusvibiswa.
MunaEpril 2001, Osaka High Court yakasarudza kuti Hurumende yeHurumende neHurumende yehutano inofanira kunge yatanga kutora matanho ekumisa chepfu kupera kwe 1959 mushure mekunge vatsvakurudzi vakagumisa kuti chirwere cheMinamata chakakonzerwa ne mercury chepfu. Dare iri rakarayira Chisso kubhadhara $ 2.18 mamiriyoni mukukuvadza kune avo vanopomerwa mhosva.
Musi waOctober 16, 2004, Supreme Court yeJapan yakaraira hurumende kubhadhara yenhamba yemadhora makumi mashanu nemakumi mashanu ($ 703,000) mukukuvadzwa kwevakafa veMinamata. Gurukota reZvirongwa rakakotamira mukukumbira ruregerero kune vanomanikidzwa. Mushure memakore makumi maviri nematanhatu, vanomanikidzwa vakazadzisa vavariro yavo yekuita avo vane mhosva yeJapan yakaipisisa nyaya yekusvibisa kwemaindasitiri kubhadhara kusaregerera kwavo.
Muna 2010, Chisso akarayirwa kubhadhara yen milioni 2.1 yen uye mwedzi miviri yezvipatara kune avo vasina kusimbiswa nehurumende semamiriro ezvinhu. Vanhu vanopfuura 50 000 vakashandisa kubhadharwa, vachiratidza kuti, makore anopfuura makumi mashanu gare gare, zvinokonzerwa nenjodzi iyi zvichiri kunzwa.
> Sources:
American University, The School of International Service. Minamata dambudziko.
Kyodo News. Vaswere vasingazivikanwi vechirwere cheMinamata kuti vasunge hurumende. Japan Nhasi, Gumiguru 17, 2004.
Mizoguchi, K. Dare remitemo inokuvadza yakabhadharwa kuJapan kutyisa varwi. The Boston Globe, October 16, 2004.
Olson, DA (2002). Mercury. eMedicine.
Tanaka, F. Negligence yakajeka munyaya ye Minamata. The Daily Yomiuri.
The Japan Times. Mercury chibvumirano chinowira pasi pa Minamata (2012)