Takapoteredzwa neshu. Mhando dzakawandisa dzehutu dziripo mune zvechisikiro uye vazhinji vacho havana ngozi kuvanhu, kunyange mashoko akadai se "toxic mold syndrome" uye "toxic black mold" ave achifungidzirwa munhau. Muzvokwadi, chigoni chinogona kukanganisa zvirwere zvakanyanya kune avo vane simba rekudzivirira zvirwere (ie immunocompromised).
Vanhu vanoshanda kana vanogara muzvivako nekukuvara kwemvura dzimwe nguva vanonyunyuta nezve "black mold" kana "chekisi inotyisa." Panzvimbo yehutu inotyisa, zvinowanzoita kuti chiganda chiri kudana kuora mwoyo.
Mold inowanzokura mudzimba dzinosangana nemvura inokuvara. Zvinonyanya kukosha, zvivako zvine uwandu hwemvura zvakaratidzwa kuti zvakabatana nechirwere chechirwere chirwere , chinokonzera zviratidzo zvisingaoneki zvakadai sefivha, kuneta, uye kuora mwoyo.
Chii Chinonzi Mold?
Izwi rokuti "mold" rinoreva mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinokura sezvinoita chigadziko chakaumbwa nemagetsi akabatanidzwa. Mold chikamu chemukati wehupenyu, uye inoparadza nyaya yekuora.
Pano ndiyo yakawanda inowanikwa muimba nedzimwe zvivako:
- Alternaria
- Aspergillus
- Cladosporium
- Penicillium
Zvishoma zvishoma zvakajairika zvemukati zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:
- Fusarium
- Stachybotrys
- Trichoderma
Kazhinji, mold inokura muzvivako zvakakonzera kukanganisa kwemvura kunobva mukudonha, mafashamo, nezvakadaro. Mold inogonawo kukura muzvivako zvine mbeu dzakasvibiswa kana zvinosvibiswa nemuviri wemhuka.
Mold Allergy
Kubatana pakati pekugadzirisa uye chirwere chekufema kwave kuchifadza kwemazana emakore.
Muna 1670, James Bolton akatanga kugadzirisa chibvumirano chekuita, uye, mugore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe nemakumi maviri, mamwe masayendisiti mashoma akatevera. Nokufamba kwenguva, pane huchapupu hwakakwana-hwakatsvakurudzwa hwakaitwa iyo makiriniki mazhinji anobvumirana kuti mold inobatanidzwa mune zvese.
Zviratidzo zvakajairika zvehutachiona zvinokonzerwa nefuru fever (kureva chirwere chinonzi allergenic rhinitis) uye asthma.
Vanhu vane atopy vari pangozi yakakura yehutachiona hwehutachiona. Zvinyorwa zvinoreva maitiro ehutachiona kuti ave nehutachiona hwezvirwere zvakadai se asthma, eczema, uye allergenic rhinitis (kureva hay fever).
Vanhu avo vanokonzerwa nechiganda kazhinji vanokonzera kune zvimwe zvinhu, kusanganisira:
- Animal dander
- Dust mites
- Grass pollens
- Muti wemaruva
- Weed pollens
Mune zvimwe zvinyorwa zvekugadzira, kufungidzira zvisizvo, sezvinongoita zvemhuka kune mhuka dander, uswa hwehuni, nezvimwe zvakadaro, ndeyeIg-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. Sezvimwe nezvimwe zvinokonzera zvipembenene, kuongorora kweganda kunogona kushandiswa kubatsira kubatsira kuratidza kufungira ku mold. Kuwedzera-sezvinowanikwa kune zvimwe zvinokonzerwa nezvinokonzera-radioallergosorbent test (RAST) inogona kushandiswa kugadzirisa maitiro e-serum-specific IgE antibodies kune fungi muropa.
Mune imwe nyaya yakabudiswa muna Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology , Edhsonson uye vanyori vanyori vakaverenga 65 vatori vechikamu pakati pevakwegura pakati pemakore mashanu nemakumi mashanu nemakumi maviri nemakumi maviri nemana makumi mashanu nemashanu (52) vakaratidza ku "asthma" uye "clinical allergies". 53 muzana vaiva nehutano hweganda kuumbwa panguva yekuongorora kweganda.
Heino mhedziso huru pakati pevatori vechikamu kuitira kuti kuderedza nguva yakawanda:
- Hay fever
- Kukosora
- Headache
- Zviratidzo zvekuporesa (kukwezva, kuputika, etc.)
- Central nervous system
- Kuneta
Kunyange zvazvo zviratidzo izvi zvisingatauriki uye zvakasikwa, pakuongorora kwepanyama vatsvakurudzi vakacherechedza mucheche mucous membrane, cobblestoning, uye mumhino yemhino, iyo yose inoratidza zviratidzo zvekurwisa.
Kuva nenhoroondo yezvirwere zvekuporesa-kufanana ne-asthma-iyo yakananga kune imwe chivako inotsigira kuongororwa kwehutachiona hwemhepo. Pane imwe nhoroondo yakabatana, kana uri kutarisana nezviratidzo zvakadaro, zvakakosha kugoverana neaergist yako chaiyo pamusoro peimba yako, basa, kana zvikoro zvekuchikoro. Kuchengeta zviratidzo zvako kwemavhiki maviri mubhuku kunogona kubatsira kuziva nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzinokonzeresa.
Kunze kubva pane mhinduro dzekuzvidzivirira kweGE-IgE, yakave yakagadziriswa kuti dzimwe nhengo dzemuumbwa dzinogona kuita nhengo dzezvirwere zvinokonzerwa nechiganda. Zvirwere zvinosanganisira mycotoxins, izvo zvinowanikwa nehuni, uye glucans, izvo zvinoumba sero masvingo echiganda. Uyezve, zvipembenene zvinobereka zvinokonzerwa nemakemikari e-organic (VOCs) -kudzika sechepasi-masero-masero ketoni, doro, uye aldehydes-izvo zvave zvichibatanidzwa mune chirwere chinokonzerwa nesimbi. Zvichiitika, ndeiVOC idzi dzinopa mold yake inofanirwa, inotyisa.
Zvisinei, hapana humwe uchapupu hunosimbisa kuti nzira dzisiri-IgE-mediated dzinobatsira mukuderera kwemazinga pasi. Mune mamwe mazwi, kunyange zvazvo chigadzirwa chinokonzera mishonga uye inokonzera, hatina humwe uchapupu hwokuti mushure mokugara muchidimbu zvimwe zvinhu muhutu zvinogona kuita kuti vanhu varware.
Management
Icho hachisi kunyanya kurapwa kwehutachiona hwemhando dzose. Zvisinei, chirwere chemafi uye hay fever, chinokonzerwa nehutachiona hwehutachiona, chinogona kurapwa uchishandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemishonga uye kupfuura-the-counter mishonga, maererano. Kana zvichibvira, zvakanakisisa kudzivisa chivako chingave chichikuita chimiro chako chemhepo. Zvisinei, izvi hazvisi nguva dzose.
Kana iwe wakagadzira mikoko yepamusoro uye iwe uri kuenda kunzvimbo yaunofungidzira kuti zvikepe zvinotakura, iwe unogona kupfeka mask guru. Sechiyero chekudzivirira, iwe unogona kutora mishonga yemishonga yose usati wapinda mahara.
Zvivakwa zvinogona kuongororwa nehuni. Indoor air samples inogona kufananidzwa nemapuranga emhepo kunze kwekunzwisisa mold. Uyezve, guruva, kupukuta, nemadziro emadziro emadziro anogonawo kutorwa kuti aone fomu muzvivako, asi idzi samples haigoni kusarudza kuti yakawanda inoputirwa nevanhu.
Kubatana neSick Building Syndrome
Mold, iyo yakanyatsobatana nekukuvara kwemvura, inogona kuva inotyisa inotungamirira kune chirwere chekuvaka chirwere . Kusiyana nezita iro rinoreva, chirwere chinorwara chirwere chinorondedzera mamiriro ezvinhu apo vagari vanogara vanorwara nekuda kwechivako chakakosha-mhepo yakachena-nekuwedzera kwemhepo uye kupera kwemavhenekeri kuva vatungamiriri vanoita. Mukuwedzera kumvura yekukuvara uye chiganda, zvimwe zvinokonzera chirwere chechirwere chirwere chinosanganisira guruva, kusungirirwa, uye kusachengetedzwa kusatsvaga, kuputika, uye air-conditioning (HVAC).
Kunyange zvazvo chirwere chechirwere chirwere chisingazivikanwi sechiratidzo chekurapa kurapwa, mamwe masangano anonyevera nezvehupo hwahwo, kusanganisira Occupational Safety uye Health Administration (OSHA) uye Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Sick Building syndrome inyaya yekukakavara, uye apo inoratidzirwa nezvisingabvumirwi, zviratidzo zvine chokuita nevakavakirwo mumagariro ekurapa, vamwe vanachiremba vachabata dambudziko nemishonga yekurwisana.
Heano humwe huwandu hwekudzivirira hutano hwechirwere chekuvaka chirwere chinoshandiswawo kuumbwa kwemaitiro:
- Kurongedza zvakakwana kutonhora nekunyorova mazinga.
- Ziva nzvimbo dzakakanganiswa nemvura.
- Iva nechokwadi chokuti chivako chakachena.
- Chengetedza humidifiers ose emhepo, air filters, uye kupora shongwe.
- Edza kuchengeta mawindo akazarurirwa kwemavheni akanaka.
- Tora mapuropa kubva mumamiriro ezvinhu epakati mukati kuti uende panze uye ufambe-famba.
Heano humwe hutungamiri hwakananga kubva kuAmerican College of Asthma, Allergy & Immunology pamusoro pekudzivirira kuumbwa kwehutachiona:
- Geza chero upi noupi kana kuputika.
- Shambai makateti enyu uye matangi emarara.
- Shandisa firiji rinokonzera pani.
- Vhura mahwindo emavhenekeri munzvimbo dzakasvibiswa semvura
- Shandisa dehumidifiers kana kupedza vateereri munzvimbo dzakasvibiswa semvura.
Zvivakwa zvakasvibiswa nehutu zvinogona kugadziriswa, nekugadziriswa kunogadziriswa chivako. Mukuwedzera pakukonzera kunetseka uye kunhuhwirira kwakashata, mold inogonawo kuparadza zvivako zvekuvaka iyo inopindira. Heano mamwe matanho anowanzotora kana uchigadzirisa chivako.
- Iyo inobva mumvura, iyo inosimudzira kukura kwekukura, inofanira kubviswa zvachose kubva mumba. Somuenzaniso, kana hutachiona hweHVAC huri kukonzera kukura, inofanira kubviswa.
- Kupfeka, yakawoma, kana zvimwe zvinhu zvakasvibiswa zvekuvaka zvinofanira kubviswa kubva muchivako ndokusimbiswa.
- Zvose zvinokwidziridzwa uye zvipfeko (zvipfeko zvinorema) zvinofanira kushambidzwa zvachose kana kuoma-kunatswa. Kana zvinhu izvi zvichiramba zvichikunhuwa mushure mekuchenesa zvakakwana, zvinoda kurasikirwa.
Industrial hygienists uye vanongoronga maitiro vanogona kubvumirwa kuti vaongorore chivakwa chekugadzirwa kwehuni.
Mumamiriro ekushanda, chinhu chakanakisisa kutora mifananidzo yekukuvara kwemvura uye nzira yekutarisira pamusoro pezvinetso pamusoro pekugadziriswa kweganda. Zvichida, OSHA kana EPA inogona kutaurirwa nekutsvaga kwepamhepo.
Mold Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy inoreva kurapwa kwezvirwere uchishandisa zvinhu zvinokurudzira maitiro ezvirwere zvezvirwere. Kurwisana kwezvenyeredzi kune imwe nzira yehutachiona hwehutano hwakapiwa kupa kana kudzivisa kutendeuka kune vanhu vanokonzera miti, uswa, masora, dander, guruva, nezvakadaro. Pakave nekutsvaga kutsvakurudza pamusoro penyaya ye mold immunotherapy. Parizvino, zvakadaro, immunotherapy ye mold allergy haina kunaka.
Mukuwedzera kune urombo huripo hunotungamirirwa nekuongororwa kwemukoko immunotherapy, zvidzidzo zvakangotarisa pamhando mbiri dzehuni: Alternaria uye Cladosporium . Uyezve, zvipembenene zvine proteases (rudzi rwe enzyme) inoita kuti vawane kukumbira immunotherapy. Nemhaka yezvipembenene izvi, zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokonzerwa nemafuta hazvikwanisi kusanganiswa pamwechete.
Mafashamo
Zvivakwa zvakanyura mvura mushure memahombekombe kana mafashamo zviri pangozi dzisingagoni kuparadzirwa nehutu. Mold inotorwa mumvura inoyerera. Mune izvi zvinosuruvarisa mamiriro ezvinhu, zvinoitwa nokukurumidza zvakakosha kuti kudzivirira kukura. Vanhu vane anopy, asthma, kana kuti simba rekuzvidzivirira mumuviri havafaniri kuve nekubatanidzwa mukugadzirisa chigadzirwa.
ICDC inotaura zvakananga kujekesa nzira yekubvisa imba ye mold shure kwemafashamo, kusanganisira zvinotevera:
- Funga kuti chero chinhu chakasviba mumvura kwemazuva anopfuura maviri chakasvibiswa nebumba.
- Chigodo, huni, pepa, uye carpet hazvigoni kutakura chikwama uye chinoda kuraswa.
- Shandisa bleach kuti uchenese mold kubva pasi, mapofu, shini, flatware, mahwendefa, zvishandiso, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaoma.
- Paunenge uchigadzira chirongwa che bleach, shandisa bleach nemvura mumari yakaenzana.
- Usasanganise bleach neammonia kana kuti vamwe vachenesa.
- Paunenge uchishandisa bleach, chengeta mahwindo akazaruka.
- Shamba zvinhu zviduku ne bleach uye osuka zvinhu izvi nemvura. Zvadaro, siyai kunze kuti muome.
- Shandisa mabhanhire kuti usvute zvisikwa zvezvinhu zvakashata.
- Paunenge uchichenesa huni, zvigadziro zvemunhu oga zvinofanira kunge zvakasakara, zvinosanganisira goggles, mabheti erubha, mabheti emabhodhoro, uye kupfurikidza kwakasimba.
Shoko Rinobva
Kunyange zvazvo zvirevo zve "toxic mold syndrome" uye "black mold" zvakanyanyisa, vanhu vazhinji vanokonzera kuumbwa. Parizvino, hapana hutano husina kumira hwehutachiona hunenge huripo, nekudzivisa kukanganisa kwemamiriro okunze kwemukati ndiko kunodzivirira moto. Zvisinei, chirwere chemafi uye hay fever, iyo inoratidza zviratidzo zvekugadzirisa zvirwere, zvinogona kurapwa.
Kana iwe uchifunga kuti iwe unenge uchitambura nehuwandu hwehutachiona, chinhu chakanaka chakanaka kusangana neanoripoteri. Anoristorist anokwanisa kuongorora ganda rako kana ropa remasimba kune mamwe maitiro ehurumende uye oita mazano akakurumbira anobva mumamiriro ako ezvinhu.
Kuvaka kugadziriswa kunogonawo kubatsira kubvisa chikonzero chekukura kwechinhu kubva pachivako. Zvinhu zvakagadziriswa zvokuvaka zvinofanirawo kushandiswa. Zvisinei, kugadzirisa kwakadaro kunogona kudhura, uye zvakanakisisa kutarisana nehutu hwekugadzirisa vashandi vasati vaita izvi.
Pakupedzisira, zvivako zvakasvibira zvinogara zvichisvibiswa nehutu. Zvakakosha kutora chiito pakarepo kana uchigadzirisa zvivako zvakadaro kudzivirira huwandu hwekukura.
> Sources:
> Balmes JR. Chitsauko 107. Mushonga. Mu: Olson KR. eds. Kutyisa uye Kuderedza Zvinodhaka, 6e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
> Borchers, AT, Chang, C, Gershwin, ME. Mold uye Utano hwevanhu: A Reality Check
> Chinoy B, Yee E, Bahna SL. Kuongorora kweganda kuenzanisa nekuongorora kwewadhiallergosorbent yeimba inogarisa. Clin Mol Allergy. 2005; 3: 4. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol (2017) 52: 305-322.
> Coop, CA. Immunotherapy yeMold Allergy. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol (2014) 47: 289-298.
> Edmondson, DA. Allergy uye "toxic mold syndrome." Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005 Feb; 94 (2): 234-9.