A History of Surgery
Kuvhiya kwokutanga munhau kwakange kusina kumira zvakanaka uye zvichida kunge kwakaitwa kunze kwekusuwa kana kusaziva. Kuvhiya sezvatinoziva kuti hazvina kutanga zvechokwadi kusvika kuma1800, uye kunyange ipapo, hutachiona hwaive hwakawanda uye zvibereko zvaive zvakashata. Maererano nemamwe mabhuku, zvakange zvisati zvaitika kusvikira kuma1900 kuti njodzi yokufa mushure mekuvhiyiwa yakanga iri pasi pe50%, kunze kwekunge kutendeka kwezana remakore kwakange kuri mukana wekuvhiya kwepamusoro kupfuura kuchinja kwekufa munguva kana kuti mushure mekuvhiyiwa.
Kutsvakurudza nzira dzakajairika nhasi, dzakadai semafungiro evanhu, dzakanga dzisiri nguva dzose. Mukati, kusvika muna 1885, munhu ane appendicitis aitarisirwa kufirwa nehutachiona hwakangoitika kamwechete apo appendix yakaputsika. Nzira dzokutanga dzaive dzichidimbu, kana kuti dzakashata nemazuva ano, sezvo aneshesia yakanga isingawanzoshandiswa kusvikira pakati pekupedzisira kusvika kuma1800.
Nhasi, kuvhiyiwa kunotora maitiro akasiyana-siyana uye inowanzoitwa nekushandisa zvishoma zvishoma nzira dzisingasviki. Izvi zvakaderedza nguva dzekudzorera, zviitiko zvakagadziriswa uye zvinetso zvishoma kuderedza varwere vakawanda.
Kuti uwane manzwiro ekuvhiya kwakanyanya kuchinja, tarisa mhedziso yekukura kukuru mumunda.
Zvinoshamisa Zviitiko Mukushandura Nhoroondo
6 500 BCE - Tsvina dzinowanikwa muFrance zvinoratidza zviratidzo zvekuvhiyiwa kwakadanwa kunonzi trepanation, iyo inosanganisira kukanda gomba muhenya.
1540 CE - Chirungu cheChirungu uye vanovhiya vanobatana kuti vagadzire United United Barber-Surgeons Company.
Ava varoyi-vashandi vakagadzira zino dzinozorora uye kuregera ropa. Vanachiremba vaifungidzirwa basa rakasiyana zvachose, kurapa chirwere nemishonga.
1818 - Kutanga kuwedzerwa ropa revanhu.
1843 - Kutanga kubuda kwehutano kwakaitwa, muEngland.
1843 - Kutanga kushandiswa kwe ether sechinhu chinopesera.
1846 - Kutanga kushandiswa kwevanhu kweanesthesia panguva yekuvhiyiwa.
Ether yakashandiswa. Murwere akanga achiziva asi haana kunzwa kurwadziwa panguva yekubvisa tsvina mumutsipa wake.
1867 - Chiremba wechiremba weBritish Joseph Lister anobudisa Antiseptic Principle muChiratidzo cheUvhiya, kurumbidza kunaka kwehutsanana pakuvhiyiwa. Kufa kwehuwandu hwevanhu vanoporesa vanowira pakarepo.
1885 - Yokutanga appendectomy yakabudirira yakaitwa, muIowa.
1890s - Kupararira kushandiswa kwemakemikari ekuderedza zvirwere. Carbolic acid yakaiswa pazvakaitwa kuti kuderedze utachiona uye kuderedza utachiona hwehutachiona.
1893 - Kubudirira kwekutanga kwemoyo yemoyo kwakaitwa, Provident Hospital, Chicago. Kuvhiyiwa kwakagadziridza peicardium, the sac kuzungaira mwoyo. Vakawanda havafungi kuti ichi ndicho chokutanga chakabudirira "kuvhiyiwa mwoyo" nokuti mwoyo pachawo hauna kushandiswa.
1895 - Kutanga X-ray yakaitwa, muGermany.
1896 - Kubudirira kwekutanga kwemoyo mwoyo, kuGermany. Vanachiremba vakagadziriswa gumbo rinoputika mumutsipa we ventricle yakarurama.
1905 - Kutanga kubudirira kwekugadzira kornea.
1917 - Kutanga kunyorepwa chirongwa chepurasitiki chepurasitiki chakaitwa, pane chikepe chinopisa chikepe cheChirungu.
1922 - Insulini yakatanga kushandiswa mukurapa chirwere cheshuga, zvichibvumira kuti vanhu vane chirwere cheshuga vararame mushure mekunge vaongororwa.
1928 - Antibiotics yakawanikwa.
1930 - Murume weGermany ane chirwere chekutanga chekuita zvepabonde (kunekadzi).
1937 - Kutanga ropa rekutanga kunotanga, zvichibatsira kuita upiyona hwakawanda kuburikidza nekurapa kubuda ropa panguva inoitwa.
1940 - Kutanga kuvhiyiwa kushandiswa kwesimbi kunoshandiswa.
1950s - Kutanga LASIK maziso maitiro akaitwa, muColumbia.
1950 - Kutanga kubudirira kwechikwata chekutsvaga . Mupiro wemutsipa akauramba chimiro mushure memwedzi mitanhatu.
1952 - Kubudirira kwekutanga kwemoyo mwoyo apo mwoyo wakamira uye unotangazve.
1953 - Kuvhiya kwekutanga kubudirira kuburikidza nekushanda kwemwoyo-mapapu emakina.
1954 - Kutanga kubudirira kwehupenyu hwekupa mafungiro enso, itsvo yakapiwa newaini yemupikira hama. Mupiro akagara makore masere mushure mekuita.
1966 - Kubudirira kwekutanga pancreas transplant.
1967 - Kutanga kubudirira kwechiropa.
1967 - Kuvhiya kwepfungwa yekutanga kwemoyo yakagadzirwa, neSouth African Christian Barnard. Mumupi wemutsipa wakapona mazuva gumi nemasere kusvikira apererwa nechirwere.
1975 - Ongororo yekutanga yeguniti yakashandiswa uchishandisa laparoscopic , kana zvishoma nezvishoma inopisa, nzira.
1978 - Kutanga "test-tube" mwana akaberekwa.
1982 - Jarvik-7 mwoyo unoita maitiro.
1984 - Baby Fae inopona mazuva 21 mushure mokunge ishandiswa nemwoyo webhononi.
1985 - Kutanga kunyorerwa chirwere chebhobhoti.
1999 - Kutanga kubudirira kushandiswa kwemaoko (kare varwere vakanga varamba maitiro avo).
2000 - da Vinci robotic chirongwa chinobatsira US Food and Drug Administration inogamuchirwa. Sangano iri ikozvino rinoshandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzemitemo, kusanganisira chirwere cheprostate uye chironga chegoni chinoputika .
2007 - Kutanga kuvhura chimiro chekushandura chinoshandiswa. Iyi nzira inoshandisa muviri wekuvhura, semuromo, kuisa midziyo uye kuderedza nguva dzekudzorera.
2008 - Connie Culp ine yekutanga pedyo-total full face replant muUnited States, yakaitwa kuThe Cleveland Clinic.
2010 - Kukutanga kwepasi-kuzadza chiso chakakwana, kuSpain.
2013 - Nzira yekufambisa mishonga inopa murwere ane chirwere chemuviri kuti agone kuisa ruoko rwake.
Shoko Rinobva:
Kuvhiya kunoramba kuchichinja, nesayenzi ichikura zvakanyanya pane imwe nguva. Sezvo sayenzi uye tsvakurudzo zvinotungamirira kumagadzirirwo matsva uye akavandudzwa ekuvhiya, varwere vane zvibereko zviri nani, kukurumidza kukurumidza uye kusuruvara.
> Sources:
> Heart Surgery. Baldwin, Elefteriades, uye Kopf. http://www.med.yale.edu/library/heartbk/25.pdf
> History of Transplantation-Timeline. Organtransplants.org Yakasvika muna December, 2011. http://www.organtransplants.org/understanding/history/index.html
> Zvokushandisa Zvokuvhiya: The History of Surgery. Kushandisa Technologist Yokuvhiya. Yakasvika muna December, 2011. http://www.surgicaltechnologist.net/resources/surgical-resources-the-history-of-surgery/