A kutarisa salivha, swet, cerebrospinal fluid, nezvimwe
Iwe unogona kushamisika kuziva kuti kuumbwa kwemvura yedu yemvura kwakanyanya zvakaoma. Nekuremekedza mvura yemuviri, fomu inotevera basa . Mumuviri wedu unoita kuti mvura iyi isvike kugadzirisa zvido zvedu zvepanyama, zvepfungwa, uye zvigadziriswa.
Ngatinyatsoongororei kuti masero emitumbi masere anogadzirwa sei: (1) kutuka, (2) CSF, (3) ropa, (4) salivha, (5) misodzi, (6) murini, (7) semha, uye (8) mukaka wemvere.
Sweat
Kupikisa inzira ye thermoregulation-iyo nzira yatinozvidzivirira isu pachedu. Tsvina inoputika kubva pamusoro peganda redu uye inopisa miviri yedu.
Sei usingafungi? Sei iwe uchikuya zvikuru? Pane kuchinja kwehuwandu hwevanhu vanojaira. Vamwe vanhu vanopika zvishomanana, uye vamwe vanhu vanopika zvakanyanya. Zvimwe zvinogona kuchinja kuti iwe unosuruvara zvakadini zvinosanganisira genetics, zvepabonde, nzvimbo, uye utano hwepamusoro.
Heano mamwe maonero ezvese nezvekufutira:
- Varume vanopika zvizhinji pamusana pevakadzi.
- Vanhu avo vasina kusimba vanopika zvakanyanya kupfuura vanhu vari muhutano hwepamusoro.
- Kuwedzerwa kwehutano kunogona kukanganisa kuwanda kwekutuka kwaunoita.
- Vanhu vakaremara vanopika kupfuura vanhu vakajeka nokuti vane simba guru remuviri kunotonhora.
Hyperhidrosis chirwere chekurapa umo munhu anogona kupika zvakanyanya, kunyange panguva yekuzorora kana kana kutonhora. Hyperhidrosis inogona kubuda yechipiri kune dzimwe mamiriro ezvinhu, zvakadai se hyperthyroidism, chirwere chemwoyo, kenza, uye carcinoid syndrome.
Hyperhidrosis inonetseka uye dzimwe nguva inonyadzisa. Kana iwe uchifungidzira kuti iwe une hyperhidrosis, tapota sangana nachiremba wako. Kune maitiro ekurapa anowanikwa, akadai sekurwisa vana, mishonga, Botox, uye chirwere kuti abvise kuwedzerwa kwehuturu hwemafupa.
Kuumbwa kwekutuka kunoenderana nezvimwe zvinhu, zvinosanganisira kudya kwemvura, kutonhora kwemahara, humidity, uye maitiro ehomoni pamwe chete nerudzi rwekutsva gland (eccrine kana apocrine).
Pamwechete mazwi, sweat rine zvinotevera:
- Mvura
- Sodium chloride (munyu)
- Urea (tsvina)
- Albumin (protein)
- Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, uye calcium)
Tsvina yakagadzirwa nemakumbo eccrine , ayo ari pamusoro pacho, ane kunhuwa kunopera. Zvisinei, kutuka kunogadzirwa nemakadzikidzi akadzika uye makuru maapisitiki anoputika ari mu-armpit (axilla) uye kugunun'una kunopisa nokuti ine zvinhu zvakasikwa zvakabva pakuparara kwebhakitiriya. Mishonga mujinga inopa mukanwa uswa. Iko pH yemakumbo emhete pakati pe4,5 ne7,5.
Zvinofadza, kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti kudya kunogona kukanganisa kutuka kwehutu, zvakare. Vanhu vanodya sodium yakawanda vane yakakwirira ye sodium mu sweatshi ravo. Kusiyana naizvozvo, vanhu vanodya sasidium shoma inobereka jira ine midzi shoma.
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Irorebrospinal fluid (CSF), iro rinoshambidza uropi uye rwonzi rwomupfupa, inoratidzika uye isina mvura isina mvura, ine mabasa akawanda. Kutanga, inopa mishonga kuuropi uye musipinha. Chechipiri, iyo inopedza zvinodhaka kubva mumutambo wepamusoro wenheyo. Uye chechitatu, inobata uye inochengetedza nheyo yepamusoro yenheyo.
CSF inobudiswa ne-choroid plexus. Plexus ye-choroid ishungetedzo yemasero ari muuropi ventricles uye yakazara mumidziyo yeropa.
Chimwe chikamu cheCSF chinotorwa kubva muropa-brain coin. CSF yakaumbwa nemavhithamini akawanda, ions (kureva, marita), uye mapuroteni kusanganisira zvinotevera:
- Sodium
- Chloride
- Bicarbonate
- Potassium (zvishoma zvishoma)
- Calcium (zvishoma zvishoma)
- Magnesium (zvishoma)
- Ascorbic acid (vitamini)
- Folate (vitamini)
- Thiamine uye pyridoxal monophosphates (vitamini)
- Leptin (protein kubva ropa)
- Transthyretin (mapurotini anogadzirwa ne-choroid plexus)
- Insulin-sakura kukura chimwe chinhu kana IGF (yakabudiswa ne-choroid plexus)
- Ubongo-hwakatorwa neutrotrophic factor kana BDNF (yakagadzirwa ne-choroid plexus)
Ropa
Ropa ndiyo inotenderera inopararira mukati memwoyo nemidziyo yeropa (funga arteri uye veins).
Inotakura chikafu uye oksijeni mumuviri wose. Inosanganisira:
- Plasma: iyo yakajeka mvura yakasvibirira iyo inoumba chikamu chechidimbu cheropa
- Leukocytes: masero machena eropa ane zvirwere zvemuviri
- Erythrocytes: masero matsvuku eropa
- Platelets: masero asina nucleus anobatanidzwa pakuvhara
Merozi matsvuku eropa, masero matsvuku eropa, uye erythrocytes zvose zvinobva mumusepa.
Plasma yakawanda yakaitwa nemvura. Zvose muviri wemvura yakakamurwa kuva makamuri matatu emvura: (1) plasma; 2) inonzi extravascular interstitial fluid, kana lymph; uye (3) intracellular fluid (fluid mukati memasero).
Plasma inogadzirwawo ne (1) ions kana kuti mahu (kunyanya sodium, chloride, uye bicarbonate); (2) organic acids; uye (3) mapuroteni. Zvinofadza, kuumbwa kweionic yeplasma kwakafanana neyomukati yemvura yakadai semakirini, ane plasma ine puroteni yakasvikika pane yakakosha kupfuura yeiyo yemaitiro.
Salivha uye Zvimwe Mucosal Secretions
Salivha inongova rudzi rwekumucheka. Mucus ishizha rinofukidza mucous membrane uye inogadzirwa nemavhudzi anovhara, simori inorganic, leukocytes, uye sloughed-off skin (desquamated) masero.
Salivha yakajeka, e-alkaline, uye inenge yakanyanyisa. Yakavanzwa neparotid, zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinyorwa, submaxillary, uye zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinyorwa pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinyorwa zviduku zvine mucous. Iyo nyanzvi yemakemikari α-amylase inobatsira pakudya kwezvokudya. Uyezve, saliva moistens uye inoderedza zvokudya.
Mukuwedzera kune α-amylase, iyo inoputsa marashi mumashirose e shuga, saliva inewo globulin, serum albumin, mucin, leukoctyes, potassium thiocynatate, uye epithelial madhiri. Kuwedzerwa, zvichienderana nekusununguka, tsvina inogona kuwanika mumata.
Kuumbwa kwematehwe nemamwe marudzi emucherechedzo mucosal anosiyana pane zvinodikanwa zvezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvavanodzika kana kuti zvinonyorera. Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa nemvura idzi zvinosanganisira kuita zvinotevera:
- Nutrition inowanikwa
- Excretion yemarara
- Gasi kushandiswa
- Kudzivirirwa kubva kumakemikari uye magetsi kunetseka
- Kudzivirira kubva kuma microbes (mabhakitiriya)
Salivha nezvimwe zvinokonzerwa mumcosal zvinowanzobatanidza mapuroteni akawanda. Aya mapuroteni anokanganiswa zvakasiyana-siyana muzvinyorwa zvakasiyana mumcosal zvichienderana nezvinodiwa basa. Izvo chete mapuroteni anonyatsotaura kumata ndeye histatins uye acidic proline-rich proteins (PRPs).
Histatins ane antibacterial uye antifungicidal properties. Vanobatsirawo kuumba ruvara, kana kuti ganda rakapfa kana firimu, iyo inoisa muromo. Uyezve, histatins inopesana nekuputika mapuroteni anodzivisa kusunungurwa kwe histamine nemasero emasero.
Acidic PRPs mumaspini akafuma muamino acids seproline, glycine, uye glutamic acid. Aya mapuroteni anogona kubatsira ne calcium nemamwe mineral homeostasis mumuromo. (Calcium inhengo huru yemeno uye pfupa.) Acidic PRPs inogonawo kukonzera zvinhu zvinosvibisa zvinowanikwa mukudya. Nemaziso, PRPs zvinokosha hazviwanikwi mumate chete asiwo mumakumbo echibhakera uye emvura uye zvinogona kukonzera mabasa akawanda ekuchengetedza.
Mapuroteni akawanda anonyanya kuwanika muzvinyorwa zvose zvemucosal zvinobatsira kuita mabasa anowanikwa munzvimbo dzose mucosal sekuisa mafuta. Aya mapuroteni anowira mumapoka maviri:
Chikamu chokutanga chinosanganisira mapuroteni anogadzirwa nemaitiro akafanana anowanika mune zvose zvinokonzerwa nemasikirini emuchere: lisozyme (enzyme) uye sIgA (an anti-body with immune function).
Chikamu chechipiri chinosanganisira mapuroteni asina kufanana asi pane kugoverana mazita ekufananidza uye maitiro akafanana, akafanana mumucin, α-amylase (enzyme), kallikreins (enzymes), uye cystatins. Mucini anopa saliva uye mamwe marudzi emucheka mavara avo, kana kuwanda.
Mune pepanhau ra2011 rakabudiswa muProteome Science , Ali uye vanyori vanyori vakacherechedza 55 marudzi akasiyana-siyana emucheka aripo mumhepo. Zvakakosha, mucins inoumba huru (high-molecular-weight) glycosylated complexes nezvimwe mapuroteni akaita sIgA uye albumin. Izvi zvinoshandiswa kudzivirira kudzivirira mvura, kuchengeta viscoelasticity, kudzivirira masero anowanikwa panzvimbo dzemukati, uye mabhakitiriya akajeka.
Misodzi
Misodzi ndeyemhando yakakosha yemasukisi. Iyo inobudiswa nezvinyoronyoro zvakanyora. Misodzi inounza firimu inodzivirira iyo inosvibisa ziso uye inoiputira neguruva nezvimwe zvinogumbura. Izvo zvinoita kuti oxygenze maziso uye anobatsire nekudzima kwechiedza kuburikidza ne cornea uye ku-lens panzira yayo kuenda ku retina.
Misodzi ine musanganiswa wakaoma wemasaini, mvura, mapuroteni, lipids, uye mucins. Kune 1526 marudzi akasiyana emaproteni mumisodzi. Zvinofadza kuti, kana ichienzaniswa neserum uye plasma, misodzi haisi yakaoma.
Imwe puroteni inokosha inowanikwa mumisodzi ndiyo enzyme lysozyme, inochengetedza maziso kubva kune hutachiona hwehutachiona. Uyezve, nyanzvi yekuzivikanwa Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) ndiyo yakanyanya immunoglobulin inowanikwa mumisodzi uye inoshanda kuchengetedza ivo ziso kurwisa zvirwere.
Urine
Urini inobudiswa neitsvo. Iyo yakawanda yakaitwa nemvura. Uyezve, ine ammonia, cations (sodium, potasium, nezvakadaro) uye anion (chloride, bicarbonate, nezvimwe zvakadaro). Urine inewo maratidziro esimbi yakakura, yakadai semhangura, mercury, nickel, uye zinc.
Semen
Chirwere chevanhu chinomiswa chishuwo chemuviri mu plasma uye inoumbwa nemicherechedzo kubva kuCowper (bulbourethral) neLittre glands, prostate gland, ampulla uye epididymis, uye seminal vesicles. Kuvhara kwezvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana hazvina kunyatsosanganiswa mumuviri wose.
Chikamu chekutanga che ejaculate, icho chinoumba anenge mashanu muzana yehuwandu hwehuwandu, inobva kune zvinyorwa zveCowper uye Littre. Chikamu chechipiri che ejaculate chinouya kubva ku prostate gland uye chinoita pakati pe15 muzana ne30 muzana yehuwandu. Zvadaro, iyo ampulla ne epididymis vanoita zvipo zvishoma ku ejaculate. Pakupedzisira, seminal vesicles inopa mamwe ose ejaculate, uye izvi zvipfeko zvinoumba huwandu hwemuviri.
Iyo prostate inobatsira zvinotevera mamolekoro, mapuroteni, uye ions kuti iite semen:
- Citric acid
- Inositol (vitamini-soro doro)
- Zinc
- Calcium
- Magnesium
- Acid phosphatase (enzyme)
Kuiswa kwekasiki, magnesium, uye zinc mumasina kunokanganisa pakati pevarume.
Seminal vesicles inobatsira zvinotevera:
- Ascorbic acid
- Fructose
- Prostaglandins (hormone-like)
Kunyange zvazvo zvizhinji zve fructose mujaya, iyo ishuga inoshandiswa sehuni yemuviri, yakabva pane seminal vesicles, zvishoma zvishoma fructose yakavanzwa ne ampulla ye ductus deferens. Epididymis inobatsira L-carnitine uye neutral alpha-glucosidase kuti ive semen.
Icho chikadzi chinhu chakanyanya kusimba. Zvisinei, chirwere chinokwidziridzwa kwepamusoro, chinobvumira kuchengetedza pedo-neutachiona pH uye kupinda mukati memubhedha wechipical, iyo inewo pt neutori. Hazvinyatsozivikanwi chaizvo nei chidiki chiine unhu hwakakosha hwepamusoro. Nyanzvi dzinofungidzira kuti HCO3 / CO2 (bicarbonate / carbon dioxide), mapuroteni, uye pasi-molecular weight components, zvakadai se citrate, inorganic phosphate, uye pyruvate, zvose zvinobatsira pakuvhiringidza simba.
Iyo osmolarity yemaruva yakaisvonaka yakakwirira pamusana pekukura kwemashuga (fructose) uye ionic salt (magnesium, potassium, sodium, nezvimwe).
Rheological properties yemadhaini yakasiyana chaizvo. Pakuzorora, mbeu inotanga kugovera mune gelatinous material. Coagulation zvinhu zvakavanzwa nemasinki vesicles. Iyi gelatinous zvinhu zvino inoshandurwa kuva mumvura mushure mekunyengedza zvinhu kubva ku prostate zvichiita.
Mukuwedzera pakupa simba simba remuviri, fructose inobatsirawo kuumba mapuroteni complexes mumunhu. Uyezve, nekufamba kwemazuva, fructose inopera nehutano hunonzi fructolysis uye inobereka lactic acid. Mbeu yakwegura yakakwirira mu lactic acid.
Izwi re ejaculate rakasiyana zvikuru uye rinoenderana nokuti rinoratidzwa mushure mokuita bonhora kana panguva yekuita. Zvinofadza kuti kunyange kushandiswa kwekondomu kunogona kukanganisa maruva. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanofungidzira kuti mavhareji emadhavha ndeye 3.4 mL.
Chibereko cheMvere
Mukaka wemazamu unosanganisa zvose zvinodiwa zvinodiwa nechechecheche. Iyo mvura yakaoma yakawanda inowanikwa mumafuta, mapuroteni, makhahydrates, mafuta acids, amino acids, mineral, vitamini, uye tsanangudzo yezvinhu. Iyo inewo zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokwana bioactive, zvakadai sehomoni, antimicrobial factors, digestive enzymes, trophic factors, uye kukura modulators.
Kutarisira
Kunzwisisa kuti muviri wei mvura inogadzirwa uye kuenzanisa kwemuviri wemvura inogona kuva nemishonga yekurapa uye yekuongorora. Semuenzaniso, mumunda wemishonga yekudzivirira, kune chido mukuongorora misodzi yezviomarkers kuti uongorore chirwere chemaziso chakaoma, glaucoma, retinopathies, kenza, multiple sclerosis, nezvimwewo.
> Sources
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